What membrane type is most commonly used in the membrane treatment process?

The most commonly used membrane type in the membrane treatment process is ultrafiltration. Ultrafiltration membranes are designed to separate particles and macromolecules from water, typically in the size range of 0.01 to 0.1 microns. This size range allows ultrafiltration to effectively remove suspended solids, bacteria, and some larger viruses while allowing water and low molecular weight solutes to pass through.

Ultrafiltration is well-suited for various applications, including the treatment of surface water, wastewater, and in pretreatment processes before reverse osmosis or other advanced treatment methods. Its balance of removal efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and operational simplicity contributes to its popularity in water treatment facilities. In addition, ultrafiltration membranes tend to have a lower fouling potential compared to more restrictive membranes like reverse osmosis, making them easier to maintain.

Microfiltration, while also commonly used in water treatment processes, generally targets larger particles (around 0.1 to 10 microns) and is more suited for removing larger suspended solids rather than microorganisms or dissolved substances. Nanofiltration occupies a niche between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, targeting divalent ions and larger organic molecules. Reverse osmosis is effective for desalination and